Silver Nanoparticles/Nanopowder (Ag, 99.9% 200-400 nm)

A versatile substance with pharmacological, anti-microbial, conductive, and chemical applications, silver nanopowder/nanoparticles appear as colored powders available in various granule sizes and coatings. SSNano can provide silver nanopowders ranging from particles of 15nm to particles measured in millimeters, with various treatments and coatings for all your needs.

Nanopowders dissolve into a variety of solvents, including water, ethanol, and isopropanol, to produce convenient suspensions. Research continuously reveals new applications of silver nanoparticles in fields including biotech, medicine, electronics, and manufacturing, where it often achieves the same end results as more costly solutions.     

Silver (Ag) Nanopowder Applications

• Anti-microbial applications: Silver nanoparticles added to other substances can suppress pathogens including Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aurous. It&#;s particularly useful in applications for those with sensitive skin and reactions to less inoffensive compounds. These antimicrobial properties also make silver nanopowders efficient in a variety of filters, face masks, and similar products. You can find silver nanopowders used in detergents, toys, consumer appliances, and countless other places.

• Conductive applications: A key ingredient in a number of conductive products, including conductive adhesives, LCD and LED screens, touch screens, and conductive slurries used in microelectronics.

• Chemical applications: Silver nanopowder/nanoparticles can be utilized to enhance the efficiency and efficacy of chemical reactions, such as ethylene oxidation. The same factors also make them of use in chemical vapor sensors and other devices.

• Optical applications: Silver nanopowders play a crucial role in a number of optical applications. You can see silver nanoparticles in solar cells, medical imaging equipment, optical limiters, spectroscopic equipment, and a host of other technology.

• Pharmacological applications:In addition to its basic antimicrobial applications, silver nanopowder fills several other roles in modern pharmacology, including cell dying and gene diagnosis. 

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Recent Publications

Bactericidal Paper Impregnated with Silver Nanoparticles for Point-of-Use Water Treatment., Theresa A. Dankovich and Derek G. Gray., Environ. Sci. Technol., , 45(5)

Synthesis and Application of silver nanoparticles., Kholoud M.M Abou Ei-Nour, Ala'a Eftaiha, Abdulrhman Al-Warthan., Arabian Jornal of Chemistry., July , Volume 3 ( 135~140) 

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Twenty-two silver nanoparticle (AgNP) consumer products (CPs) were analyzed with respect to their silver speciation. Three CPs and three lab-synthesized particles were selected to simulate environmental fate and transport by simulating their intended usage and disposal methods. Since many of these products are meant for ingestion, we simulated their usage by exposing them to human synthetic stomach fluid followed by exposure to wastewater sludge. We found that during the products individual exposure to wastewater sludge, the conversion rate of silver to AgCl and Ag2S was affected by both the amount of silver ion present and the properties of the AgNP. The rates of conversion of metallic silver to silver sulfide was heavily dependent on the particle size for the lab-synthesized particles, with 90 nm PVP-capped particles reacting to a much lesser extent than the 15 nm PVP-capped or the citrate-capped particles. We observed similar sulfidation rates on two of the tested CPs with the 15 nm lab-synthesized particles despite containing silver nanoparticles >5 times larger, indicating the presence of other influencing factors. Pre-treatment with synthetic stomach fluid modified the rates of Ag2S formation. Due to the variable composition of CPs and the conditions they are exposed to between manufacture, sale, use, and disposal, their final composition may be somewhat unpredictable in the environment. In the present study, we have achieved a more accurate approximation of the expected interactions between silver nanoparticle-containing CPs and environmental media by utilizing real CPs and evaluating them with solid phase and aqueous phase analytical techniques.

Introduction

The worldwide inventory of consumer products (CPs) containing nanomaterials is quickly growing(1). Nanomaterials are incorporated into a wide variety of CPs, ranging from cosmetics to automotive parts. Through CPs, nanomaterials have a variety of pathways to reach the environment, either during their use or after disposal. Understanding the environmental fate of nanomaterials in CPs is crucial to identifying potential risks associated with their release.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) comprise one of the most prevalent and growing inventories of nanomaterial-containing CPs(1, 2). Their rising production and usage is accompanied by increased risk of their release into the environment(3). AgNPs are utilized in CPs primarily for their known antimicrobial properties. Common applications for AgNPs include packaging, clothing, first aid sprays, surface disinfectants, and dietary supplements.

The toxicity of AgNPs is related to their oxidation and the subsequent release of ionic silver(4). The reactivity of AgNPs undergoing dissolution or reaction with environmental media is known to be affected by a variety of factors, including capping agent, particle size, and ionic strength(5&#;8). These factors have been studied extensively for laboratory synthesized and commercial preparations of AgNPs and their effects on a given system can be predicted. However, the environmental transformation, transport and fate of consumer products containing AgNP suspensions remains largely unexplored.

Most AgNP suspensions will eventually enter the waste stream and make their way to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), where they will be exposed to wastewater sludge. Silver (I) sulfide is the primary reaction product from the interaction of silver with wastewater media(9, 10). Ag2S has reduced solubility compared to other forms of silver and past studies have concluded that this lower solubility leads to limited transport and reduced toxicity to certain organisms(11, 12). Nevertheless, the viewpoint that sequestration of Ag+ in the form of Ag2S is an endpoint to silver reaction in the environment is currently being challenged. In two studies performed by Li et. al.(13, 14), Ag2S-NPs were found to dissolve in the presence of either Fe(III) or ClO&#;, and then form smaller AgNPs. This process could lead to a cycle of Ag2S-NPs -> Ag+ emission -> smaller AgNPs -> smaller Ag2S-NPs -> Ag+ emission in which the toxic effects of Ag+ would likely be observed. Wang et. al.(15) also observed toxicity in plants due to uptake of Ag2S-NPs. If Ag2S is not an endpoint to Ag+ transport in the environment, then further study into its formation is needed.

Research has shown that AgNP consumer products can undergo drastic physicochemical changes during their use that could have further effects on their future interactions with environmental media(16). AgNP dietary supplements meant for ingestion will be exposed to stomach fluid if used as intended. Studies have shown that human synthetic stomach fluid (SSF) not only affects the AgNPs morphology and promotes aggregation, but also induce their chemical transformation to silver (I) chloride(17, 18). AgCl shows a low solubility in water and precipitates quickly in the presence of Ag+ and Cl&#;. The AgNP particle size influences both aggregation rate and AgCl transformation(18). The capping agent also affects aggregation rate in SSF(17) with some preventing significant morphological changes for up to 90 days in SSF(19). While there has been some research involving the exposure of AgCl-NPs to wastewater sludge(12), no study has been performed involving sequential exposures to simulate intended usage and subsequent disposal of the same particles.

Some research has been performed to investigate dissolution and reaction of AgNP-containing CPs, although it has primarily focused on AgNPs deposited on solid objects such as textiles and packaging(20&#;22). This study focused on aqueous products, such as surface sanitizers, disinfectant sprays, and dietary supplements, due to the ease and speed with which they can reach the environment, compared to those products in which the AgNPs are incorporated into a solid matrix. A total of 22 CPs advertising some combination of either colloidal, ionic, or nano-sized silver were obtained. These products represent unique mixtures of different parameters such as particle size, concentration, capping agent, ionic strength, pH, and additional organic or inorganic additives. The fate and transport of AgNPs in the environment has been typically studied using only pristine, lab-synthesized particles and by monitoring their exposure to only one type of media. We intend to more accurately describe the transformations that these products undergo in the environment by using real consumer products (CPs) and sequentially exposing them to multiple types of relevant media. The goal of this work is to utilize X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) to determine the initial silver chemical speciation and then investigate sulfidation rates when the products are sequentially exposed to SSF and wastewater sludge. A unique experimental setup allows real-time analysis of nanoparticle reactions by XAS. By comparing the chemical properties of these products to well-studied lab-synthesized AgNPs, the interaction and importance of different NP parameters will be determined.

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