May. 06, 2024
Chemicals
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Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and food residues to obtain valuable chemicals is essential for creating a sustainable bio-based economy. The latest and most environmentally friendly generation of ionic liquids (ILs) are deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). These solvents have shown great promise for various applications and have attracted considerable interest for their versatility in pretreatment, extraction, and catalysis in biomass and biowaste conversion processes. This article reviews the use of DESs and NADESs in valorizing biomass and biowaste as pretreatment, extraction solvents, or catalysis agents.
DESs are eutectic mixtures with points lower than that of ideal liquid mixtures. When composed appropriately, they form a liquid with a eutectic or near-eutectic composition, typically involving Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases. These solvents are regarded as a new generation of IL analogues due to their similarities with traditional ILs. DESs usually consist of large, nonsymmetrical ions, such as a quaternary ammonium cation paired with a halide anion, combined with a metal salt or a hydrogen bond donor (HBD).
| Type | General Formula | Terms |
|---|---|---|
| I | Cat+X−zMClx | M = Zn, Sn, Fe, Al, Ga, In |
| II | Cat+X−zMClx.yH2O | M = Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Fe |
| III | Cat+X−zRZ | Z = CONH2, COOH, OH |
| IV | MClx+RZ=MClx−1+.RZ+MClx+1− | M = Al, Zn and Z = CONH2 |
| V | Non-ionic DES | Composed only of molecular substances |
The term "natural deep eutectic solvent" (NADES) refers to mixtures formed by cellular metabolites such as alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, and sugars. These solvents are ubiquitous in nature and are highly applicable due to their non-toxicity, sustainability, and environmental friendliness. Similar to DESs, NADESs are formed by combining HBDs and HBAs in the appropriate molar ratios, creating interspecies hydrogen bonds that lower the melting point.
The structural impact of DESs and NADESs on biomass and food residues varies based on the type of DES used, temperature, pressure, and pH conditions. Structural changes are typically avoided during extraction. Techniques like XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV-vis, and NMR spectroscopies are used to study these structural modifications. In one study, corncob delignification via ChCl-based DES pretreatment showed increased cellulose crystallinity and surface roughening, as confirmed by XRD and SEM analysis.
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Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) | The World's Leading ...Different experimental studies, such as those on wheat straw delignification and chitin extraction from shrimp shells, show significant structural changes when treated with DESs. Techniques like FTIR, XRD, and TGA demonstrate how DESs affect biomass components.
Silver Powder | Low Price $10 | High Quality Why Choose HPMC as Tile Adhesive Additive?This review covers the applications and benefits of DESs and NADESs in biomass and biowaste valorization. These solvents offer a less toxic, more biodegradable, and efficient alternative to traditional ILs. Future studies should focus on optimizing existing biomass conversion routes and exploring a two-step process for biofuel and bio-oil production utilizing food waste. Employing DESs or NADESs as solvents or catalysts can play a significant role in sustainable bioeconomic development.
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