Acrylic | Polymerization, Synthetic Resin, Monomer

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acrylic, any of a broad array of synthetic resins and fibres that are based on derivatives of acrylic and methacrylic acid. Both acrylic acid (CH2=CHCO2H) and methacrylic acid (CH2=C[CH3]CO2H) have been synthesized since the mid-19th century, but the practical potential of materials related to these compounds became apparent only about , when German chemist Otto Röhm published doctoral research on polymers of acrylic esters. Beginning on a commercial basis in the s, esters of acrylic acid were polymerized to form the polyacrylate resins, which are now important constituents of acrylic paints, and methacrylic acid esters were polymerized to polymethyl methacrylate, a clear plastic sold under trademarks such as Plexiglas and Perspex. In Orlon, the first commercially successful acrylic fibre, was introduced by E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (now DuPont Company). Acrylic and modacrylic fibres are based on polyacrylonitrile.

Other acrylics include cyanoacrylate resins, made into fast-acting adhesives; poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, abbreviated polyHEMA, made into soft contact lenses; polyacrylamide resins, used as flocculents in water clarification; and rubber products made of polyacrylate elastomer.

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Description

Acrylic BraceletMFA# .112

An umbrella term used to describe a family of thermoplastic materials that are the result of polymerizing or co-polymerizing vinyl monomers with a carbonyl or nitrile group attached, including but not limited to Acrylic acid, Methacrylic acid, or Acrylonitrile. The generic description of these materials is represented as: (CH2=CHCO2R), with R representing the organic group[1]. Acrylic polymers were first prepared in by the Swiss chemist Georg W.A. Kahlbaum. In , in Germany, Otto Röhm described his acrylate synthesis work in &#;Polymerization products of acrylic acid&#;, his doctoral thesis then later patented the process in [2]. Polymethyl methacrylate was first marketed by Rohm and Haas in Germany in . Acrylics have been sold by Rohm & Haas, ICI in England and DuPont in the U.S. since as glass substitutes (Plexigum®, Plexiglas®, Perspex® and Lucite® ) and as adhesives, varnishes, and paint media (Acryloid® F-10, Lucite® 44, Acryloid® B-72). Magna solvent-soluble acrylic artist paints were first sold in by Bocour, while Liquitex, an acrylic emulsion paint, was first marketed in . The first Acrylic fiber, Orlon®, was introduced in .

Synonyms and Related Terms

acrylics; acrylate; methacrylate; résine acrylique (Fr.); resina acrilica (It.); polímero acrílico (Esp.); resina acrílica (Esp.); acrílico (Esp.); resina acrílica (Port.)

Examples: Acryloid® [Rohm & Haas];Plexigum® [Rohm & Haas]; Lucite® [DuPont]; Paraloid® [Rohm & Haas]; Elvacite® [DuPont]; Plexiglas® [Rohm & Haas]; Perspex®; Magna [Bocour]; Liquitex [Permanent Pigments]; Shiva [Shiva]; Hyplar Acrylic Colors[Grumbacher]; Aqua-tec [Bocour]

Applications

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• Paints, coatings, and adhesives
• Fabrics, textile and leather finishes
• Windows and clear glazing
• Mounts and display cases

Personal Risks

• Acrylates are considered to be stable to light and aging but the monomers will irritate the skin and eyes. Some resins are combustible but often slow-burning and self-extinguishing.

Collection Risks

• Some acrylate polymers crosslink, which is why only specific ones are recommended for use as coatings in conservation. Iso-Amyl Methacrylate, sometimes referred to 27H in conservation publications, was infamously shown to crosslink after it had been promoted for use as a paint varnish[3].

Some acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives that are designed NOT to dry, may give off acetic acid and acrylic acid; both are corrosive.

Environmental Risks

• Dust is flammable

Physical and Chemical Properties

Acrylic resins range from soft, tacky materials to hard solids that are glossy, optically clear and have good shock and water resistance. Acrylics tend to be stable to outdoor weathering and resistant to some chemicals including mild acids and bases.

Soluble in mineral spirits, turpentine, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters, and ketones.

Insoluble in water, ethanol.

Softening points (Tg in C) are:

• polymethyl methacrylate (105-125)
• polyethyl methacrylate (65)
• poly iso-butyl methacrylate (48)
• poly n-butyl methacrylate (22)
• polymethyl acrylate (9)
• polyethyl acrylate (-24)

Refractive Index = 1.5

Comparisons

Physical Properties for Selected Thermoplastic Resins

General Characteristics of Polymers

Resources and Citations

1. &#;https://blog.oureducation.in/poly-methyl-acrylate-its-propertiespreparation-and-use/
2. &#;https://www.world-of-plexiglas.com/en/the-history-of-plexiglas-this-is-how-it-came-about/
3. &#;

   Feller, R.L., N. Stolow, and E.H. Jones. . On picture varnishes and their solvents. Revised and enlarged ed. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art.

• R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, Comment: Refractive index range from 1.482 to 1.521

• C.V.Horie, Materials for Conservation, Butterworth-Heineman, London,

• G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,

• Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: Acrylic polymers - polymethyl acrylate first made in by the Swiss chemist Georg W.A.Kahlbaum; acrylic polymers described in depth by by Otto Rohm in

• Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, (also printing)

• ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96

• Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC,

• The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, Comment: Acrylic painting - acrylics discovered by Otto Rohm-, patented

• Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ,

• Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City,

• Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', Engineered Plastics, ASM International, Comment: Website Hyperlink

• History of Plastics: Linkhttp://www.nswpmith.com.au/historyofplastics.html

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